Fluctuations in the Exchange Rates(l) and Risks Management
The U.S. Dollar is the currency most often used in international trade. If the currency of export sales is different from the currency of the exporting country,(2) for example a Japanese exporter sells in U.S. Dollars, the exporter may encounter exchange risks — risks from fluctuations in exchange rates, for example between the U.S. Dollar and the Japanese Yen.
In case of the Yen appreciation at the time of converting the U.S. Dollar to the Yen, the exporter will get less Yen per U.S. Dollar. Conversely, in case of the Yen devaluation the exporter will get more Yen per U.S. Dollar. Hence, in time of currency appreciation in the exporting country, it is important that the exporter ships the goods earlier, unless an earliest date for shipment is stipulated in the L/C or has been agreed upon between exporter and importer, and present the negotiating documents to the bank immediately.⑶
The exporter may contract with the bank to sell the U.S. Dollar forward in a so called forward exchange, at a predetermined rate on an agreed future date,(4) thus he/she will not be affected by the currency appreciation and will receive a fixed amount in his/her own currency at a future date.
In time of currency devaluation in the exporting country, the exporter may delay the shipment, unless the latest date of shipment is stipulated in the L/C or has been agreed upon between exporter and importer and the remaining time in the delayed shipment is enough to present the negotiating documents to the bank before the L/C expiry date.(5)
Explanatory notes on terminology
1. exchange rate 汇率
汇率是各国货币之间相互交换时换算的比率,即一国货币单位用另一国货币单位所表示的价格。
2. exchange risks 汇率风险
汇率风险是指在浮动汇率制下,由于汇率的波动而使外汇交易遭受损失的可能性。在实际外贸业务中,这种风险是必然存在的。
3. L/C (Letter of Credit)信用证
信用证是银行根据进口人(买方)的请求,开给出口人(卖方)的一种保证承担支付货款责任的书面凭证。
4. forward exchange 远期外汇
远期外汇是一种货币买卖契约,交易双方在交割汇率议定时,并不马上交割,而是约定在未 来的某个特定日期或期间内,按照约定的货币、汇率、金额交割。
翻译详解
(1) 本标题中的exchange rate(s)是个术语,必须按惯例翻译为“汇率”。
(2) 如果将 If the currency of export sales is different from the currency of the exporting country 按照英文句子结构亦步亦趋地翻译成汉语,其译文是“如果外销时使用的货币与出口国货币不 同,……”。这样的译文令人费解,似乎出口商与出口国所指是两个不同的对象。由此可见, 仅仅追求形式上的对等,有时会偏离原意,造成实质上的不等。而将其译为“假如出口国在出口时所使用的货币与本国货币不同,……”意思上反而准确。
(3) 对相关外贸知识的了解对本句的准确翻译大有帮助。信用证条款中载有进出口双方的诸多权利和义务,双方必须遵守。其中对装船期和议付有效期也有明确的规定,如果出口商想提前或者推迟装船,也只能在规定期限内调整。出口商在装船后获取有关运输单据,然后将其提交至银行,银行将货款垫付给出口商,这一过程被称为议付。当出口国货币呈升值 趋势,只要不违反信用证规定的船期和议付有效期,提前装船、提前议付便意味着损失的减少。另外,本句中的agree upon表示“已经达成 ”。
(4) 按照业内行话,翻译本句时应使用“未来交割日期”、“远期外汇”等说法。
(5) 当出口国货币呈贬值趋势时,延期装船、延期议付对出口商有利。请参阅详解(3)。
参考译文
汇率浮动与风险管理
美元是国际贸易中使用最多的货币,假如出口国在出口时所使用的货币与本国货币不同,例如日本出口商在出口时使用了美元,该出口商就有可能遇到汇率风险,汇率风险即由于汇率浮动而产生的风险,例如在美元与日元兑换时出现的风险。
如果将美元兑换成日元时出现日元升值的情况,出口商每一美元所换日元就会减少。如果情况相反日元呈贬值趋势,出口商每一美元所换日元就会增加。因此,在出口国货币升值时,出口商提前装船并将议付单据立即提交给银行具有重要意义,除非信用证规定或进出口双方已达成协议不得提前装船。
出口商可同银行签订合同,在未来交割日期,按照预定汇率,提前将美元卖给银行,这即是所谓的远期外汇。至此,出口方将不受货币升值带来的影响,在未来交割日期,收取一定数额的本币。
当出口国货币贬值时,出口商可以延期装船,但需保证在延期装船后至信用证到期之前的所剩时间内,出口商可将议付单据提交给银行,如信用证规定或进出口双方已达成协议不得延期装船,出口商则不能延期装船。